Tobacco Is A Common Pleasure Among Millions Of Americans

Tobacco use is a common pleasure among millions of Americans. Tobacco use is a great source of disagreement, and people either support it or disapprove of it. Smoking is a personal choice, and we need to accept that adults can decide to harm themselves (hypothetically) to some degree as long as there not harming another person. We also need to stop criticizing people about the decisions others choose to make, so long as you don’t choose to do it, it shouldn’t be a problem if someone decides differently. I believe at this point it would be impossible to ban tobacco use in the United States because tobacco is known to be one of the most important cash crops in American farming (J. Young, 2000). Tobacco is a plant that grows naturally around North and South America (V. Randall, 1999). Tobacco has a long history around the world. Thousands of years ago during cultural and religious events, people would smoke or chew tobacco as a ritual. Tobacco chewing was the first way tob acco was utilized. It became known to the rest of the world in the 1400’s when Christopher Columbus ran into some American Indians that offered him tobacco leaves as a gift. Later sailors brought it back to Europe, then it spread and was grown all over Europe (V. Randall, 1999). Tobacco became popular all over Europe because Europeans believed it be a medicine and that it could cure almost anything (J. Young, 2000). Tobacco was the first plant grown for money in North America. Around the 1600’s inShow MoreRelatedTobacco Companies And Responsibility Of Tobacco1446 Words   |  6 Pages Tobacco Companies and Responsibility Tobacco companies should be held responsible for any smoking related illness or death. The use of tobacco is the leading preventable cause of disability, disease, and death in the U.S. About 1 in every 5 deaths in the United States is tobacco related and an additional 16 million people are currently suffering with a serious illness or disease due to smoking. For every one person who dies from smoking, about 30 others suffer from at least one serious tobacco relatedRead MoreSmoking, Stigma and Social Class1247 Words   |  5 Pageslikes of tobacco, marijuana or other substances has been around for thousands of years. It has been a defining feature of many diverse ethnic and social groups and has been noted to take place in a variety of settings—ranging from sacred rituals and ceremonial meetings, private/ personal use, to simple or even somewhat elaborate get-togethers. The sacred and endowed side of smoking tobacco was generally believed to have medicinal as well as spiritual benefits. According to Jordan Paper, â€Å"[tobacco] wasRead MoreInformative Essay About Recreational Drugs1441 Words   |  6 Pagesshower or bath! What types of drugs causes this? Cannabis, which is the most common illicit recreational drugs used by the American population. Some 16.9 million Americans inhale marijuana every day and many of them suffer from this bizarre ailment. Secondly, contrary to arguments about the medicinal use of recreational drugs, studies like the one highlighted by patient.info show that they really are taken mostly for pleasure and for leisure instead of any supposed medicinal purposes. In fact, whenRead MoreRecreational Drugs Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagescuriously takes a hot shower or bath! What types of drugs causes this? Cannabis, which is the most common illicit recreational drugs used by the American population. Some 16.9 million Americans who inhale marijuana smoke. According to patient.info recreational drugs are taken mostly for pleasure and for leisure rather than medicinal use. Recreational drugs which include, cannabis, alcohol, tobacco and caffeine. Thus, all drugs leads to addiction. Addiction to drugs leads to lots of health problemsRead MoreHistory of the Tobacco Industry2324 Words   |  9 PagesSpecialty tobacco shops History of the Tobacco Industry Tobacco and smoking has a long history that can be traced back to the 11th Century through he various developments till it became whet it is today as a multi billion industry with many players like Specialty tobacco shops. Though the pictorial evidence of smoking is estimated to be dated back to the 11th Century, it is believed that tobacco has existed in America as from the 1st Century. The discovery of cigarettes date back to theRead MoreTobacco Addiction : The Strong Craving For The Addictive Substance Nicotine1356 Words   |  6 PagesPaul Becker Professor Roger Gosselin English 102 25 October 2015 Tobacco Addiction Tobacco addiction is the strong craving for the addictive substance nicotine. It has caused health problems in millions of people across the country, and its effects are one of the leading causes of death in the United States. I have had many family members develop serious health concerns due to their tobacco addiction and know personally what a horrible thing it is. All of my grandparents have smoked in the pastRead More The Argumentr Regardingf The Decriminalization Of Cannabis Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pages The Argument Over the Decriminalization of Cannabis nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The majority of Americans choose the same issues as the most threatening to the nation. Invariably among these one will see â€Å"drugs† as a major concern of most Americans. There is speculation that this is due to a perceived association between drugs and crime (Inciardi 1). A good deal of the argument over government policy towards drugs centers on the least unhealthy and most sociallyRead MoreMarijuana’S Historic Misrepresentation Defines The Reasons1699 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana’s historic misrepresentation defines the reasons behind its classification of this drug and why most Americans stand where they do on this issue. However, marijuana being released from the classification of a level 1 drug could definitely have a positive effect on our country. Lowering where it stands on the DEA’s drug classification schedule, would give marijuana the opportunity to become federally legal and have an impact throughout our entire country, rather than only those few openRead MoreSin Taxes: Should They Be Increased to Help Medical Increases? Will This Hurt More Than Help?7232 Words   |  29 PagesMurphy ENG 122: English Composition 2 Instructor Raphael Posey July 6, 2013 â€Æ' Sin taxes: Should They Be Increased to Help Medical Increases?   Will This Hurt More Than Help?         Should sin taxes be increased in areas such as alcohol and tobacco to cover the increasing cost of medical care? Sin taxes have been in effect for centuries, while the revenue from these taxes are high other recent efforts to impose sin taxes have sputtered. With the revenue that can be received from Sin taxes shouldRead MoreSmoke, Cough, Die: The Case for a Federal Ban on Cigarettes2143 Words   |  9 PagesSmoking is something that millions of Americans do every day and companies profit millions of dollars every year through the sales of cigarettes, but at what cost? Five dollars a pack for a cancered lung and a heart attack. A deadly addiction comparable to heroin or cocaine, cigarettes are the only product that efficiently kills more than five million people year -- one million in the Americas-- and is still legal. The damage that it causes does not surface until years later after habitual use. The

A Raisin Review - 673 Words

A Raisin Review Kenneth Hawthorne English/125 3/15/2016 University of Phoenix A Raisin Review â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or faster like a sore and then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode†. (Langston Hughes, Harlem) The author Lorraine Hansberry was born May 19, 1930 in Chicago, Illinois. Lorraine Hansberrys writing style is autobiographical, and was the first black playwright to create realistic black characters for the stage. Leanne Hansberrys play a raisin in the sun received multiple most notably the (New York drama critics Circle award for the best player of the year) she†¦show more content†¦Ruth also works very and it becomes noticeable after she becomes pregnant. Lena Younger is the mother and inspirational leader of the Younger family. She knows exactly how to regulate her son and keep him in sync with his wife. Although Beneatha Younger is a very strong character younger sister to Walter she has dreams of her own and does not work or participate in the dreams of the family until the very end. The focus on these two characters is very strong and it shows the true leadership of the family. Internal conflict. Not all conflict involves other people. Sometimes people are their own worst enemies. Walter is having an internal conflict is a good test of his values. The question is, does Walter give in to temptation or rise above it? Does he demand the most from himself or settle for something less? Does he even bother to struggle? The internal conflicts of a character and how they are resolved are good clues to the character’s inner strength. Although there are four conflicts going on at the same time Lorraine Hansberry does a great job accessing the reader imagination, so they can put themselves into Walter’s position. As the reader you knew that Walter was going to lose the money, you prayed that he was able to make good on his promise to his family, but it is hard to stop time go back and rewrite the play in the favor of success in every case. As aShow MoreRelatedMajor Works Review Of A Raisin In The Sun By Lorraine Hansberry1375 Words   |  6 PagesMAJOR WORKS REVIEW GENERAL 1. Title A Raisin in the Sun 2. Author Lorraine Hansberry 3. Date of Original Publication 1958 4. Novel Type Play STRUCTURE 1. Point of View Play; there is direct characterization from the playwright 2. Relationship to Meaning Not available 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition The characters are introduced by Hansberry. It is the 1950’s in a tiny apartment in Southside Chicago. The Younger family has just suffered the loss of Walter’s dad, with a $10,000 inheritance checkRead MoreAnalysis Of A Raisin In The Sun By Lorraine Hansberry1158 Words   |  5 Pages Welcome to Windham High School’s very own theater production of the incredible play A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry. To further understand the play please read the text below about the background of Hansberry’s life, living conditions in the era that the play took place, and reviews written about the play. Lorraine Hansberry was a playwright and a writer. She was born in Chicago May 19, 1930 in Chicago, and she grew up in the Woodlawn neighborhood in the South side of ChicagoRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis902 Words   |  4 Pagesand Gordon: Segregation vs. Southern Pride Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† touches on many issues African Americans faced in the early to mid-twentieth century. One can analyze Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† from many angles, and come away with different meanings. While Michelle Gordon focuses more on segregation and housing discrimination that plagued African Americans on Chicago’s Southside in Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, William Murray emphasizes on Southern Pride and heritageRead More Lorraine Hansberry Essay555 Words   |  3 Pages Her first play, A Raisin In the Sun, is based on her childhood experiences of desegregating a white neighborhood. It won the New York Drama Critics Circle Award as Best Play of the Year. She was the youngest American, the fifth woman and the first black to win the award. Her success opened the floodgates for a generation of modern black actors and writers who were influenced and encouraged by her writing. Hansberry was born in 1930, the youngest of four children of Carl and Nannie Hansberry,Read More Power of Langston Hughes Harlem (A Dream Deferred) Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesThe image he uses in the first question is that of a raisin. He asks the question; Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? He draws a parallel between grapes losing its juices in the sun, to dreams losing some of its vitality when its realization is deferred for a long time. The next symbol he uses is that of a wound that is not healing. Or fester like a sore-and then run? The image this symbol creates is more powerful than the raisin. It gives us an example of the resentment that is growingRead MoreLorraine Hansberry s Life As A Whole1461 Words   |  6 Pagesdied on January 12, 1965 in New York City. After her death, Nemiroff, her husband, still continued to collect and write her interviews in To Be Young, Gifted and Black, which set off Broadway reviews and ran for eight months straight. One of Hansberry’s major works that was considered on Broadway was A Raisin in the Sun. Hansberry received an award for this play in 1959, a couple years before her death. She received the New York Critics Circle Award, which is considered to be one her best. LorraineRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Langston Hughess A Dream Deferred1028 Words   |  4 Pageswhat happens to dreams that are not fulfilled. The poem starts with the line, What happens to a dream defe rred? and this plainly asks what happens to dreams that have not been paid attention to. The next line in the poem is, Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun or fester like a sore and then run? meaning does a dream simply wither away until it is no longer prevalent, or does it sit and stew until it becomes unbearable enough that it is fulfilled out of convenience. The following stanza is,Read MoreThe Last Critic That Will Be Evaluated844 Words   |  4 Pagesanalysis is titled A Raisin in the Sun: Anniversary of an American Classic. Wilkerson’s critical analysis discusses the â€Å"various social, historical, and artistic factors that have contributed to the play’s contemporary relevance and popularity, with particular focus on script revisions.† (Wilkerson 442) Wilkerson states that critics claimed that plays about the Black experience were seen as unattractive and of temporary or limited appeal to the theatre audiences. A Raisin in the Sun was differentRe ad MoreA Raisin in the Sun (Movie to the Book) Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesLauren Gault Mr. Russell AP Literature 22 Feb 2011 A Raisin in the Sun The play and the production of A Raisin in the Sun are comparable in multiple ways. After reading the play and watching the movie, there are many things that don’t exactly match up to one another causing the audience to develop a bias about several things that could use some reviewing. With all intentions, Hansberry worked delicately to choose the right actors to fit the parts in the movie production. Although HansberryRead MoreAnalysis Of Lorraine Hansberry s The Sun Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesraisin in the sun is a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, who was one of the very first African American ever to have her play performed on Broadway, during the civil rights movement. The play takes place in an uncomfortable small two bedroom apartment which the Younger family stays in. Throughout the play the family faces money, as well as family problems, but when they receive a large check the oldest son lets it get the best of him. According to Frank Ardolino journal artic le of Hansberry’s

Decisions in Hamlet free essay sample

We as people bear the onerous task of decision-making every day of our lives. Some decisions are small, and thus require little or no thinking, while others are major and require difficult pondering. On the other hand, some people choose to base their actions on whatever their heart tells them to do. They say we should â€Å"trust our gut feeling;† however, our most important decisions in life should not be made based on our inner feelings. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet must decide between avenging his father’s death by murdering his uncle, or letting his kingdom go to the grave father and rot under his uncle’s corruption. When Hamlet is confronted by his father’s ghost and encouraged to get revenge on his uncle, Hamlet assumes that the only appropriate vengeance is murder. This exemplifies Hamlet making a quick decision based solely on his inner feelings. If he had considered all the possible options for revenge, then he would not have gone down a path of destruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Decisions in Hamlet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The idea of murdering his own uncle certainly gets him contemplating, for even Hamlet knows that he cannot just trust his inner feelings. Hamlet contemplates for quite a while when his passion finally gets the better of him. Hamlet believes that killing his uncle is the only way to bring justice to his father and get rid of the corruption in the kingdom. Ultimately Hamlet gets his revenge, but for a huge price. His friends and family are killed in the process and even he takes his last breath after he kills his uncle. Hamlet could not have predicted the series of events that unfolded as a result of his plans for vengeance; however, all could have been avoided if he had carefully considered all the consequences prior to his decision-making. Sometimes our inner feelings are more biased towards what we think is best for our loved ones or ourselves. We end up taking the path that our â€Å"heart tells us to take† rather than the reasonable approach. Therefore we must carefully consider the circumstances and possible consequences of our actions and choose our actions depending on if the pros outweigh the cons. Important decisions usually mean significant consequences, therefore taking time to contemplate never hurts.

Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Essay Example

Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Paper Induction of Resistance in Abaca Against Wilt Disease Complex caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) and Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et. al. Using Chemical and Biological Elicitors Abstract Resistance in plants has been reported to be inducible using biological and or chemical elicitors. Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt diseases are two major diseases hampering abaca production in the Philippines. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biological and chemical eliciors of resistance to control wilt disease complex in abaca caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ubense (FOC) and Ralstonia solanacearum. Suspected biological elicitors (Fomes and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae or Xoo) and known chemical elicitors (Asprin or Acetyl Salicylic acid and Boost) were sprayed to the abaca tissue cultured seedlings at 15 days interval together with water and Nordox (fungicide with bactericidal activity) as checks. The sprayed seedlings were challenged by s imultaneous inoculation with FOC and Ralstonia solanacearum. The parameters used to compare the treatments were: percent infected plants, disease severity rating, percent area of vascular discoloration and number of remaining live plants. Results show that Boost and Fomes resulted to an effective control of the wilt disease complex which were comparable or even better compared to Nordox, the fungicide check. Xoo and Acetyl Salicylic Acid on the other hand produced higher disease compared to the control. This study has demonstrated the potential of Fomes and Boost as biological and chemical elicitors of resistance, respectively in abaca which protected it from wilt disease complex. Keywords: Abaca, SAR, chemical elicitors, biological elicitors, Fusarium wilt, Bacterial wilt - Student Researcher, VSU 2 Associate Professor, DPM, VSU and Research Adviser INTRODUCTION Abaca (Musa textilis Nee) is indigenous to the Philippines, and is one of the major dollar earners of our country. Abaca plant has many slender stalks, upright and pointed leaves. It is harvested for its strong but flexible fiber usually called as Manila hemp used for making twines, ropes, cordage, pulp and specialty papers, fiber crafts, textile and fabrics. It is also one of the few cash crops that can grow with relatively little input compared to the other crops (FIDA, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Abaca has a high market potential but its production has been limited due to the occurrence of diseases, such as bunchy top, bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt which have taken their toll on many abaca farms. This devastation caused by viruses, bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt in abaca aggravates the farmers’ production problems. Fusarium wilt disease is caused Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) Snyd. And Hans. which is also referred to as Agent Green. This fungus does so by colonizing the water-conducting vessels (xylem) of the abaca plant resulting for a blockage and breakdown of xylem. Yellowing of the leaves, followed by drying and wilting and eventually plant death are the external symptoms of the disease. Most affected plants have discolored vascular bundles and eventually die before maturity thus, forcing the farmers to harvest the abaca plant prematurely. Another equally important disease is the bacterial wilt disease. Bacterial wilt is caused by the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. , 1995). The early symptoms of this disease include rusty brown streaks in the leaves which later turn blighted and water soaked and finally wilting of the whole plant. The internal symptoms are the vascular discoloration, water soaking and finally the rotting of pseudo- stem. Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt may occur singly or together as a complex in the field and had contributed much to the devastation of abaca in major growing areas in the Philippines. Host plant resistance is the most effective means of controlling wilt diseases. But the development of a resistant plant however takes time, effort and many resources. Resistance in plants however can be induced using chemical and biological elicitors. Several studies have shown that certain chemicals can induce the resistance of plants and some of which are boost and salicylic acid. Boost is a novel synthetic chemical, benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-8-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was intially shown to induce acquired resistance in wheat (Gorlach, et al, 1996) and which is produced by Novartis and distributed in the Philippines by Syngenta. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid was also found to induce resistance in some plants (Gleason, 1999; Owen, 1996). Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to be elevated on plants that exhibit SAR for example in cucumber (Metraux, et al, 1990), tobacco (Malamy, et al, 1990), and Arabidopsis (Uknes, et al, 1993). There are evidences that suggest that SA plays an important role in the transduction pathway leading to SAR. Recent studies however indicate that SA is not likely to be the systematically transmitted signal (Vernooij, et al, 1994). ] There are also biotic elicitors that have been reported to elicit resistance in plants which includes chitin and chitosan. Chitin is a safe material and was reported to induce resistance against soil-borne diseases ((Kuchitsu, et al, 1993). Moreover, chitin was reported to be used as soil fertilizer. Chitosan which can be extracted from chitin has anti-fungal activity against many plant pathogens (Herano, et al, 1990; El-mougy, et al, 2002). Moreover, chitosan is also reported to induce resistance against soil-borne fungi. Chitosan was also found to have anti-bacterial property and is capable of inducing resistance to the bacterial blight disease of rice cause Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Modina, 2007). Boost is a novel synthetic chemical, benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-8-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was intially shown to induce acquired resistance in wheat (Gorlach, et al, 1996) and which is produced by Novartis and distributed in the Philippines by Syngenta. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid was also found to induce resistance in some plants (Gleason, 1999; Owen, 1996). Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to be elevated on plants that exhibit SAR for example in cucumber (Metraux, et al, 1990), tobacco (Malamy, et al, 1990), and Arabidopsis (Uknes, et al, 1993). There are evidences that suggest that SA lays an important role in the transduction pathway leading to SAR. Recent studies however indicate that SA is not likely to be the systematically transmitted signal (Vernooij, et al, 1994). ] This study therefore aimed to compare and contrast the efficacy of suspected elicitors of resistance in controlling the wilt disease complex in abaca. The efficacy of potential biological a nd chemical elicitors of systemic acquired resistance to control wilt disease complex of abaca caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Ralstonia solanacearum was also evaluated. METHODOLOGY Preparation and Sterilization of Culture Media Potato dextrose agar (PDA) for the culture of FOC was prepared by dissolving 39 grams dehydrated PDA to 1 liter dH2O in a double boiler and cooked until the agar dissolves in H2O. It was dispensed to 250 ml Erlenmeyer Flasks and test tubes. Nutrient agar for the culture of Ralstonia solanacearum was prepared by dissolving 3g beef extract, 5 grams peptone and 17g agar to 1 liter dH2O in a double boiler and cooked until agar dissolves in H2O. It was dispensed to 250 Erlenmeyer Flasks and test tubes. The media were sterilized in a pressure cooker at 15 lbs/in2 pressure or 121 °C temperature for 15 minutes. Sterile media were allowed to cool. PDA and NA in tubes were slanted and stored in the refrigerator until use. Collection, Isolation and Culture of FOC Isolation plates were prepared by melting the stored PDA in flasks, pouring into sterile Petri plates and allowed to solidify. Fusarium wilt– infected abaca was collected from the National Abaca Research Center and it was brought to the Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for isolation of the pathogen. Infected tissues from the advancing portion of the disease were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite and were planted onto solidified PDA in plates (4 sections per plate). After 2 or more days, mycelia that have radiated from the planted abaca tissue were cut aseptically using flamed sterilized flattened needle and were transferred to PDA slants where they were stored and maintained until use. Collection, Isolation and Culture of Ralstonia solanacearum Nutrient agar in flasks were melted and aseptically poured to Petri plates. The medium were allowed to solidify. The bacterial wilt pathogen, R. solanacaerum was isolated from a banana fruit infected with â€Å"Bugtok† disease. Infected tissues from the advancing portion of the disease were cut, disinfected with 1% hypochlorite and reused with sterile H20. The sections were then placed in sterile water in a test tube and allowed to stand for 10 minutes to allow the bacteria to ooze out of the tissue. A loopful of the resulting bacterial suspension was streaked onto the solidified NA on plates and incubated. After 2 days individual colonies were picked with sterile wire loop and transferred to NA slants to purify. The cultures were incubated for 2 days and stored in the refrigerator for future use. Procurement and Preparation of Test Plants Four weeks old tissue cultured abaca plantlets were procured from National Abaca Research Center (NARC). They were maintained in the vicinity of the Department of Pest Management and were given necessary care and maintenance such as watering, weeding, and fertilization. The plants were numbered and tagged according to the desired treatments. In numbering and tagging the plants, we gave them equal chances in belonging to a group. We did this through the drawn by lot method. Thus, we have used the technique randomization in giving names to the plants. Preparation and Application of Treatments The plants were sprayed with the different treatments (Fig. 1) at 15 days interval starting when the plants were 6 weeks old. Treatments| Illustration| T0 (Water)| | T1 (Fomes at 100ppm)| | T2 (Attenuated Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)| | T3 (Aspirin or Acetyl Salicylic Acid at 100ppm)| | T4 (Boost at 100ppm)| | T5 (Nordox at 100ppm)| | Fig. 1. The different treatments used Fomes was prepared by oven drying (50? C for 3 days) and by pulverizing using mortar and pestle. After pulverizing, 0. 75g was obtained and was mixed with 750ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was prepared by transferring an isolate of Xoo (courtesy of PDDL at VSU) in NA slants 2 days before its scheduled time of application. On the application time, 10ml sterile H20 was poured on the test tube slants and the bacteria were scraped using a wire loop without causing damage to the medium. Ten slants were used and the solution was diluted into a beaker to make 100 ml suspension. An approximately 650 ml H20 was added to have a total of 750 ml suspension. The suspension was heated for 5 minutes to attenuate the bacterium. Aspirin or Acetyl Salicylic Acid was prepared by making a stock solution. A tablet of aspirin was diluted to 1L H20 to make a 300 ppm suspension. Then, a volume of 37. 5ml was measured out from the stock and was added to 712. ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Boost was obtained from Syngenta Philippines. Two ml Boost was diluted and mixed to 1998 ml H20 to make a 2000 ppm suspension. A volume of 37. 5 ml was obtained out from the stock and was added to 712. 5 ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Nordox, copper-based fungicide with bactericidal activity was used as the positive check at the manufacturer’s recommended rate. It was prepared by weighing 1. 9g of Nordox and by mixing it thoroughly to 750 ml H2O. After preparing, the treatments were sprayed to the plants using a sprayit gun powered by an electric compressor starting from Water down to Nordox. Each plant equally received 50ml of the said treatments (Fig. 2). The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design. The six treatments were replicated 3 times and 5 plantlets constituted one replicate making a total of 90 plantlets needed for the experiment. Two consecutive spray applications of the treatments at 15 days interval were done before pathogen inoculation and sprayings were done until the last disease scoring. Fig. 2 Application of treatments to the plants Preparation of FOC Inoculum The pure cultures were first examined under the microscope to confirm the presence of real FOC pathogen (Fig. ) before they were mass cultured for inoculation. FOC that was used for inoculation to test plants was cultured and mass produced in corn meal-sand medium (CMS) which was prepared by mixing 1 part ground corn every 20 parts of sand. The mixture was placed in glass jars about 2/3 full and moistened and covered with aluminum foil then bound with rubber band at rim (Fig 4). They were sterilized at 15 lbs/in2 pressure and 121 °C temperature for 1 hour. Pure culture of FOC from the PDA slant were aseptically seeded into the prepared CMS medium and incubated at room temperature until completely colonized by the fungus. Fig 3. Photomicrograph of FOC macroconidia and microconidia Fig 4. Corn meal-sand medium with FOC Inoculation of FOC CMS cultures of FOC were first mixed thoroughly on a tray to assure even distribution of the fungal spores to the CMS medium before inoculation. FOC was inoculated into the soil of each potted plant by incorporating 1 tbsp of the inoculum near the base of the abaca plantlet and covering the inoculum with soil. Inoculation was done 2 days after the second spraying of the different treatments. Preparation of Ralstonia solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen Bacterial wilt pathogen was transferred to fresh NA slants. Two days after the isolation, each NA culture was mixed with 10ml dH2O and the pathogen was scraped using a wire loop without causing damage to the medium. Overall, 120ml of the bacterial suspension was used. One ml was injected to the stem of each plant. Bacterial Inoculation was done 12 days after FOC inoculation. Data Gathered The following data were gathered: A. Initial and Final Plant Height – This was gathered per plant basis before the application of treatments and inoculation of the pathogen and during the termination of the study. B. Percent infection – (No. of plants showing foliage yellowing or wilting / Total No. of plants) x 100 starting 1 week after inoculation and weekly until most of the plants have died in any of the treatments. C. Visual Disease Severity Rating – This was gathered using a devised scale below: We gathered this data at 1 week interval until the termination of the study. Rating| Description| 0| No wilting| 1| Slight yellowing of lower leaves| 2| Yellowing of most leaves but no dried leaves yet| 3| Extensive yellowing and moderate wilting| 4| Extensive wilting but plant still alive| | Plant totally dead| D. Percent Area of Vascular Discoloration – This was taken during the termination of the study wherein all the plants were uprooted and the pseudostems were sliced longitudinally (Fig 5). Each plant was rated using the following scale (Borines et al. 2007) Rating | Description| 0-1| No discoloration| 1-2| Isolated points of vascular discoloration| 2. 1-3| Discoloratio n up to 1/3 of vascular tissue| 3. 1-4| Discoloration between 1/3 – 2/3 of vascular tissue| 4. 1-5| Discoloration greater than 2/3 of vascular tissue| 5. -6| Total discoloration of vascular tissue| Fig. 5 Slicing of pseudostem longitudinally E. No. of surviving plants per replicate per treatment. (Gathered at the termination of the experiment. ) Data gathered were analyzed using simple CRD with three replications. Treatments were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Tests (DMRT). 9) Disposal of Inoculated Plants After the experiment, the inoculated plants were exposed to direct sunlight and burned when dried. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the percent infected plants at 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation. Based on the results, Boost produced significantly lower percentage infected plants compared to the control especially at 14 days after inoculation. At 21 and 28 days after inoculation, Boost still produced lower disease incidence although not statistically different from the control. Fomes, Boost and Nordox also showed lesser disease incidence values although not significantly different from the control. Table 1. Percent infected plants at 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation Treatment| Percent Infected Plants| Days After Inoculation| 14 days| 21 days| 28 days| T0 (Control)| 73. 3 ab| 93. 33| 100| T1 (Fomes)| 66. 67 ab| 73. 33| 73. 33| T2 (Xoo)| 100. 00 a| 100. 00| 100| T3 (Aspirin)| 73. 33 ab| 100. 00| 100| T4 (Boost)| 26. 67 c| 60. 00| 80| T5 (Nordox)| 53. 33 bc| 66. 67| 83. 33| CV(%)| 26. 91| 26. 27| 21. 60| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT. Another parameter used to measure the effect of the treatments was the mean disease severity rat ing per plant (Table 2). Based on this parameter, Boost, Nordox and Fomes have lower means of disease severity compared to the Control especially at 21 days after inoculation. Xoo and Acetyl Salicylic Acid on the other hand have significantly higher means compared to Water. Thus the two treatments have even triggered the increase in wilt disease severity ratings of the plants. Table 2. Mean wilt severity rating per plant as affected by the different treatments Treatment| Mean Disease Severity Rating| Days After Inoculation| 14 days| 21 days| 28 days| T0 (Control)| 0. 93 c| 2. 47 ab| 3. 13 ab| T1 (Fomes)| 0. 80 c| 1. 53 bc| 2. 27 b| T2 (Xoo)| 2. 87 a| 3. 45 a| 3. 92 ab| T3 (Aspirin. )| 2. 07 b| 3. 20 a| 4. 33 a| T4 (Boost)| 0. 40 c | 1. 27 c| 2. 3 b| T5 (Nordox)| 0. 73 c| 1. 07 c| 2. 47 b| CV (%)| 27. 6| 25. 7| 27. 6| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT. The percent area of vascular discoloration per plant is shown in Table 3. This was gathered upon termination of the study. All plants were uprooted and the pseudostems were sliced longitudinally. This actually shows the internal manifestations of disease and effects of the treatments to the plants. Based on statistical analysis, Boost still consistently showed lesser percent area of vascular discoloration compared to Water (Fig. ) which further confirm its effectiveness in controlling the wilt disease complex. Fomes and Nordox also showed much lower percent area of vascular discoloration compared to control, Xoo and Aspirin. Table No. 3 Percent Area of Vascular Discoloration Treatment| Percent area of vascular discoloration| No. of Live Plants Remaining| T0 (Control)| 55. 27 ab| 3. 00 ab| T1 (Fomes)| 38. 47 b | 3. 33 ab| T2 (Xoo)| 79. 27 a| 2. 00 bc| T3 (Aspirin)| 80. 27 a| 1. 33 c| T4 (Boost)| 37. 67 b| 4. 00 a| T5 (Nordox)| 38. 47 ab| 3. 33 ab| CV (%)| 31. 37| 52. 18| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT Fig. 6 Internal Vascular Discoloration of Plants (left-right) Control, Fomes, Xoo, Salicylic Acid, Boost, Nordox The number of live plants remaining was also gathered during the termination of the study and shown in Table 3. Boost, had the highest average number of remaining live plants followed by Fomes and Nordox. Aspirin had the lowest no. of live plants or highest mortality which was even higher than that of water (Fig. 8d, p. 24). The height of abaca plants is shown in Fig. 7. Based on the graph, the plants sprayed with Boost and Nordox have higher plant height compared to Conrol, Xoo, Fomes, and Aspirin. Among the parameters used to measure the effects of the different treatments, the mean disease severity rating on a per plant basis and mean percent area of vascular discoloration were able to differentiate more the effect of the different treatments and were considered more reliable compared to the rest of the parameters used. Fig. 7 Height of Abaca Plants at the start of the experiment, at 7, 14, 21 days and the final height before the termination of the study b c d ef Fig. 8. Group of abaca plants treated with a) water, b) Fomes, c) Xoo, d) Aspirin, e) Boost and f) Nordox. Boost is a commercially available elicitor of resistance in plants and it was found very effective in controlling the wilt disease complex in abaca. Boost, however is a little expensive, one spray cost P0. 65. Nordox is a commercial fungicide with bactericidal activity and it has als o reduced the wilt disease incidence and severity. This is a little cheaper (P0. 45) compared to Boost. A cost-effective control for the wilt disease complex was Fomes. It was able also to reduce disease incidence and severity. Although not as effective as Boost but, no cost has been incurred, except for the labor in gathering, drying and pulverizing. The use of Fomes as a biological elicitor of resistance in abaca to control wilt disease complex has been explored in this research. Most probably, being a fungus, the chitin in Fomes could be the elicitor of resistance. Kutchitsu et al (1993) reported that chitin induced resistance of plants. The active component of Fomes, that could elicit resistance in plants could be isolated in future research endeavor. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Boost (chemical elicitor) and Fomes (potential biological elicitor and Nordox (fungicide with bactericidal activity), were able to effectively control the fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt disease complex of abaca. Xoo and Aspirin were not able to control the disease but instead has aggravated the wilting of the plants. A follow-up study maybe conducted to re-evaluate the same elicitors for their effect on either fusarium wilt or bacterial wilt alone. Likewise, a study maybe conducted to further evaluate the potential of Fomes as biological elicitors of resistance to other diseases of abaca or to other plant diseases. Furthermore, several other indigenously occurring biological elicitors of resistance may be evaluated against the wilt diseases of abaca. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we would like to extend our gratitude to all the people behind the success of this study. We would like to thank our adviser, Dr. Lucia Borines for sharing to us her knowledge, skills effort and even her time though with a hectic schedule. To Ms. Christine Advincula, Ms. Victoria Palermo and Ms. Robleyn Piamonte, thank you so much for patiently guiding and helping us everytime we need assistance especially when our adviser is on travel. Thank you also to Mr. George Valenzona, for the analysis of our data, and Mr. Marlon Tambis and Mr. Victor Calunangan for the computer assistance. In addition, our heartfelt thanks is extended to our loving parents who supported us in our financial needs and for enlightening our faith that we could be able to finish this research on time. No words indeed can express how much we owe you this success. REFERENCES 1) BASTASA, G. N. and A. A. BALIAD. 2005. Biological control of fusarium wilt of abaca (Fusarium oxysporum) with Trichoderma and Yeast. http://cropscience Philippines. blogspot. om/2006/032005-vol30-no-2-v30n02p01-02. html 2) BORINES, L. M. 2008. Efficacy of chemical activators of systemic acquired resistance for the control of bacterial blight and diseases of rice. Paper presented during the 2008 RD Regional Conference held at Baybayon ni Agalon, Albuera Leyte, June 17-18, 2008. 3) BORINES, L. M. SALAMAT, E. E. CARDINES, R. B. 2007. Reaction of abaca (Musa textiles Nee) access ions and varieties to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. (E. F. Smith) Snyd. And Hanns. Annals of Tropical Research. Volume 29 (No. 1). 4) EL-MOUGY, N. S. , R. ABB-L-KAREEM and M. A. ABB-ALLA. 2002. Postharvest Diseases Control: Preventive Effect of Chitosan and Bioagents Against Green and Gray Moulds of Apple Fruits. Egypt. J. Phytopathol. , 30: 99-113. 5) FIDA. 2007. http://fida. da. gov. ph/Abaca6. html/ 6) GLEASON, M. 1999. Sick Plants take aspirin. http://www. extension. iastate. edu/newsrel/1999/jan99/jan9901. htm 7) GORLACH, J. , S. VOLRATH, G. KNAUF-BEITER, G. HENGY, and U, BECKHOVE, K. H. KOGEN M. OOSTENDORP, T. STAUB, E. WARD and H. KESSMANN. 1996. Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systematic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. Plant Cell 8:629-643. 8) HERANO, S. , C. ITAKURA, H. SEINO, Y. AKIYAMA,I. NOTATA, N. KANBARA and N. KAWAKAMI. (1990). Chitosan as an Ingredient for Domestic Animal Feeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. , 38:1214-1217. 9) KUTCHITSU, K. , M. KIKUYAMA and N. SHIBUYA. 1993. N-acetylchito-oligosaccharides, Biotic Elicitor for Phytoalexin Production, Induced Transient Membrane Depolarization in Suspension-Cultured Rice Cells. Protoplasma. 174:79-81. 10) MALAMY, J. , CARR, J. P. , KLESSIG, D. F. , and RASKIN, I. (1990). Salicylic Acid: A Likely Endogenous Signal in the Resistance Response of Tobacco to Viral Infection. Science 250,1002-1004. 11) METRAUX, J. -P. , SIGNER, H. , RYALS, J. , WARD, E. , WYSS-BENZ, M. , GAUDIN. J. , RASCHDORF, K. , SCHMID, E. , BLUM, W. ,and INVERARDI, B. (1990). Increase in Salicylic Acid at the Onset of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Cucumber. Science 250, 1004-1006. 12) MODINA, IVY M. 2007. Antimicrobial Property of Chitosan and Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance for the control of Rice Bacterial Blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Swings et al. ). B. S. Thesis, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte. 38pp. 13) OWEN, M. 1996. Plants feeling under Weather? Give them Aspirin Water. http://www. plantea. com/plant-aspirin. htm 14) UKNES, S. , WINTER, A. , DELANEY, T. , VERNOOIJ, B. , MORSE, A. , FRIEDRICH, L. , NYE, G. , POTTER, S. , WARD, E. , and RYALS, J. (1993). Biological Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6,692-698. 15) VERNOOIJ. B. , FRIEDRICH, L. , MORSE, A. , REIST, R. , KOLDITZ-JAWHAR, R. , WARD, E. , UKNES, S. , KESSMANN, H. , and RYALS, J. (1994). Salicylic Acid is not the Translocated Signal Responsible for Inducing Systemic Acquired Resistance but is Required in Signal Transduction. Plant Cell 6,959-965. .

Get your marketing ready for 2019 with these trends

Get your marketing ready for 2019 with these trends Marketing has existed in one form or another since the dawn of capitalism itself. And it’ll exist as long as there are products and services for sale. That said, it does evolve and adapt to the world around it. Billboards and signage were followed by radio ads, which led to television spots, and finally, to the digital marketing we see today. The ad men of the 50s and 60s might not recognize the form, but the goal remains the same: right product, right person, right time. Marketing is nothing if not able to go with the flow. So what’s next for it as we enter 2019? Here are three trends to keep an eye on in the coming year. 2019 Templates to get Organized Before we dig into trends, download these 2019 tools to get organized in the new year. Youll get: Marketing Plan Outline Template (Word): Document your entire 2019 marketing plan. Marketing Strategy Template (Excel): Plan every part of your strategy. Content Marketing Strategy Template (PowerPoint): Plan  tactics  and  channels  to complement your strategy. Email Marketing Strategy Template (PowerPoint): Email is a big part of marketing in 2019; use this template to get it right. Social Media Strategy Template (PowerPoint): Start the year off right with a clear social media roadmap. Audience Persona Template (Word): Finally get all your user personas on track for the year. Marketing Budget Template (Excel):   New year, new budget! The Arrival of Voice Search Voice search is taking over in a big, big way, and there’s no reason to believe it’ll slow down anytime soon. Popular digital assistants like Siri, Cortana, and Google Assistant have fundamentally changed the way we interact with our mobile devices, to say nothing of how we search and consume information. Then, of course, we also have the prevalence of smart speaker systems like Amazon’s Echo, Google’s Home, and Apple’s Homepod. It’s no stretch to think that we may say ‘goodbye’ to manual data entry entirely in the not-too-distant future. Consider: Half of all online searches will be conducted via voice by 2020 Gartner predicts that nearly one-third of searches will be conducted without a screen  by the same year Nearly 40% of adults use voice search  at least once each day Voice shopping accounted for roughly $1.8 billion in 2017, but will reach $40+ billion by 2022 U.S. voice-enabled digital assistant users are growing by leaps and bounds, and are expected to top 39 million millennials, 17 million Gen Xers, and 10 million baby boomers  by 2019 Image Source The writing is on the wall, or more accurately, being spoken aloud: voice search is here to stay. What does that mean for you and your marketing? Plenty. Kenneth Burke, Marketing Director at Text Request, says that â€Å"Google and other search engines have already been tailoring search results to match speech, meaning conversational writing and SEO is increasingly more effective than keyword-targeted writing.† Consider your own interaction with Google or Siri for a moment. We don’t ask for information the same way we would type it, opting to say ‘Hey Siri, where’s the nearest coffee shop?’ whereas we might have typed ‘coffee shops Seattle’. That switch in tone and structure needs to be reflected in your marketing copy. It’ll need to be written conversationally so the voice-enabled assistants can read it aloud and present results the way people talk. Furthermore, Burke believes there will be â€Å"a continual focus on search intent  rather than word choice, and my bet is this will play an even more significant role in 2019.† What do people want, and how do they ask for it?

It Makes You Sic How to Use “Sic” in Academic Writing

It Makes You Sic How to Use â€Å"Sic† in Academic Writing It Makes You Sic: How to Use â€Å"Sic† in Academic Writing Despite the best efforts of proofreaders, sometimes books are published with typographical errors. Mostly these are minor errors that don’t affect clarity, but it can be annoying if you want to quote a source in your paper and notice an error in the text. Don’t panic though, as this is where sic comes in. What Does Sic Mean? The literal meaning of the Latin term â€Å"sic† is â€Å"thus.† Nowadays, its primary use is to show that something has been written incorrectly in quoted passages. For example: According to Cameron (2013), It’s important to spell wurds [sic] correctly. Here, â€Å"[sic]† has been added to the quote because â€Å"wurds† (i.e., â€Å"words†) is spelled incorrectly. This shows your reader that the error was in the original text, not something you’ve added by mistake! When Should I  Use Sic? The short answer is â€Å"not at all if you can avoid it.† With minor errors, the best approach is usually to correct the mistake using [square brackets] to indicate the edited text. The above example, for instance, could be presented as: According to Cameron (2013), It’s important to spell [words] correctly. We use â€Å"sic† only when we want to reproduce the original text exactly, complete with errors, such as when quoting interview transcripts or sources that use archaic spellings: Wittgenstein (1953, p. 87) aimed to shew [sic] the fly the way out of the fly-bottle. Another common use of sic is to poke fun at a writer by preserving (yet pointing out) their mistakes or use of poor grammar, but this isn’t appropriate in academic writing. How to Use Sic Like all edits to quoted text, the general rule is to enclose â€Å"sic† in square brackets when inserting it into a quote, as shown above. A more controversial issue is whether or not to italicize â€Å"[sic].† Many style guides recommend using italics for non-English words, including Latin terms. But â€Å"sic† is common enough that some consider it a part of English, meaning it shouldn’t be italicized (like with â€Å"e.g.† and â€Å"etc.†). The best thing to do is check your school’s style guide for advice about italicizing Latin terms, as well as how â€Å"sic† should be used in your work.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

Case study - Essay Example An imbalance in global trade also created challenges in the container carriers (New Bioactive Alkyl Sulfates from Mediterranean Tunicates, 2012). The strategies Meli Marine used for competing included increasing competitive intensity this was by container carriers supporting prices. For instance, if demand for containers went down, then vessels could be activated, so that fixed costs could be minimized. Another strategy was to have bigger cascading and ships this was to reduce the cost, and to increase the resulting profits. Having larger ships could result in a â€Å"cascading effect†. The final strategy was overcapacity threat. In the early years, overcapacity was an issue, but later it was implemented as the industries added capacity, faster than global trade could absorb it (New Bioactive Alkyl Sulfates from Mediterranean Tunicates 2012). Other key competitors performed differently from Meli Marine the likes of Evergreen Marine. It was leading to the market capacity with more TEUs than those of Meli Marine. The evergreen was recognized as being the best shipping line for several years. Wan Hai Lines was concerned with diversifying its client’s base and becoming a world carrier. It operated its terminals and competed in a container and vessel leasing. Yang Ming Marine managed the vessel and container leasing, logistic unit and also had its terminal (New Bioactive Alkyl Sulfates from Mediterranean Tunicates, 2012). David Tian being the new CEO was to make several changes and more improvements to ensure Meli Marine competed effectively with its competitors. It was by ensuring that he increased they also owned their operational terminal, and they also operated container and vessel leasing, and he was also to ensure that they held a logic unit. All this could place the industry in a good position to compete with the others (New Bioactive Alkyl Sulfates from Mediterranean Tunicates,

General Trends in Global Work Context Assignment

General Trends in Global Work Context - Assignment Example As the essay states the global work place presents employment opportunities for qualified people to work in a flexible way whereby apart from moving from one place to the other and beyond political boundaries to work, employees can even be stationed at home and still perform the duties that their co-workers perform at the employer’s premises. This has been enhanced by technological advancements especially the internet technology. It has facilitated communication which is essential in business as well as implementing programs abroad. The interactions that arise as a result of companies employing people from diverse cultural background has generated the need for employees to possess strong interpersonal skills as well as the ability to work with employees from different cultural settings. From the report it is clear the global work place has been under continuous change over the years in terms of labor. With the increasing globalization of industries, the movement of people across borders has risen. Experts in various fields are migrating from the industrialized economies to the developing countries to provide the rapidly growing economies that lack skilled workers. Under such circumstances, many companies are adopting flexible working conditions in order to retain experienced employees. Studies indicate that part time employees constitute more than 20% of the global labor force.

Refraction Essay Example for Free

Refraction Essay Refraction BY gupta979 Refraction refers to the bending of the transmitted light at the interface between two transparent materials. The angle of refraction depends on the angle of incidence and the relative speeds of the light in the two different media and can be found from the relationship [pic] From this equation we see that the direction in which the light is bent depends on whether it is going from a slower to a faster medium or vice versa. Index of refraction The index of refraction of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. By definition, n = 1 in vacuum. In all materials n 1. The frequency of light does not change as it goes from one a medium of one index of refraction to another. This means that the wavelength changes with the speed. Thus, the wavelength is smaller in a medium than in vacuum. From the definition of the index of refraction, we can rewrite the relationship etween the incident and refracted angles as or This equation is known as Snells law of refraction. Example The index of refraction of a glass is n = 1. 6. A ray of light is incident upon the glass surface at an angle of 300. What is the angle of refraction into the glass? Solution: approximately n If the wavelength of the light in air is 520 nm (green), what is its wavelength in the glass? What is the frequency of the light? (2 slow fast incident reflected refracted

Gender Roles in Medea by Euripides Essay -- Gender Roles in Greek Soci

Centuries of traditions has enabled men and women to define gender roles in society. Although some critics declare gender roles do not exist today, others believe they do. In society, men and women are defined by gender roles throughout their activities and emotions. A doctor is typically portrayed by a male while women rear the children and cook for the men. However, although still in existence, today these roles are less obvious but tend to have similar meaning when compared to the past. In ancient Greece, women suffered great hardships. Currently, females work, vote, and run for office. In comparison to ancient Greece, these activities are a phenomenal leap from being under the direct supervision of a male husband. In Greek society, the role of women was considered to be insignificant compared to the Greek men. The women had very few rights, no room to voice personal opinions, and a very bleak future with few options for a better life. According to Moses Hades, professor of Greek studies, women in ancient Greek plays are known to be the main characters and take the role of the villain, victim, or the heroine. In Euripides’ play Medea, Medea, the main character, plays all these roles. She represents the heroine by helping her husband secure the Golden Fleece prior to their marriage, and then portrays the victim by being betrayed by her husband, and finally the villain by murdering her loved ones. Therefore, Euripides follows the standard format for a Greek tragedy. Ironically, Medea’s actions are similar to a man when she takes charge of her marriage, living situation, and family life when she devices a plan to engulf her husband with grief. With this in mind, Medea had accepts her place in a man’s world unti... ...leaving moves Medea into a beggar status. She understands that she does not have authority, money, or power over anyone in the land. This leaves her powerless and desperate. Thereofore, she forms a crafty plan that revolves around herself and reestablishes power and authority. Even in today’s society, gender roles play a part in how people view the world. Although more important than the gender roles are the emotions that antagonize the psyche of the human. Medea shows how jealousy can lead to revenge and influence bad decisions and ruin or even end lives. Ironically, the decisions she makes to kill her children, leaves Jason helpless much like a Greek wife during this time. She removes the opportunity for him to voice his opinions, needs, and desires. This flip of traditional gender roles shows how gender roles are not a reliable way to view a society.

Difficulties Relating to the Recognition Essay

Introduction: With the development of market economies, knowledge economy and information industry, intangible assets as a necessary part of current business become one of the most important factors leading businesses to a success. In the previous years, people paid more attentions to tangible assets i.e. PPE, inventories, and other tangible assets that can produce future economic benefits. However, nowadays, people recognize that intangible assets would bring enormous benefits than we can expect. In fact, tangible assets, on average, are only 30% of the value of some companies. Especially, in the hi-tech industry, the percentage of intangible assets arrives to 90% in some companies. For instance, the US Microsoft, its book value is lower than GM’s, but its output value and profit is far more than the combination of three subsidiaries of GM. Furthermore, the ratio of intangible asset even reflects the strength of a company and makes the company more competitive. Intangible assets have real vale and are very important to a company’s success, but are much harder to measure and quantify than their tangible counterparts. Therefore, what is the most significant point regarding to intangible asset is to recognize and measure reliably during accounting process thereby evaluating asset or even the value of a corporation more accurately and disclosing the actual information to accounting users. This essay will illustrate difficulties when recognizing and measuring intangibles and concentrating on the process of brand in particular. Difficulty analysis: IAS38 defines an in tangible asset as â€Å"an identifiable, non-monetary asset without physical substance†. It cannot be an intangible asset if an item is not an asset. As an asset, it must be controlled by an entity which also results in expected economic benefits flowing into the entity. Being distinguished from PPE, intangible asset has no physical substance. The feature â€Å"Identifiable† stated in IAS38 is that â€Å"an item is identifiable when it arises from contractual or other legal rights or when it is separable†. When it comes to control, the problem becomes more complicated. An entity could obtain future benefits arising from an intangible; however, whether the item is controlled by the entity firmly or not is not certain. For example, if a company purchase patent by trading contract, this patent controlled legally will bring benefit to the entity, then the patent can be demonstrated as intangible asset. On the other side, staff training expenditure for talents plan is not recognized as intangible asset because the entity cannot control the staff actually if they change jobs to another company even though after training they can generate future benefits for this company. As a result, it is difficult to recognize the intangible asset from its definition. Intangible resources should be recognized as expenses when incurring, if the asset recognition criteria are not met. In the respect of measurement, capitalizing and amortizing intangible assets over their useful lives will affect future benefits, which are believed to follow the principles of prudence and accrual of financial statements. Nevertheless since intangibles are difficult to record materially, the value of financial statements will be declined when doubtful or even non-existing assets happened. Take deferred charge as a example, in some standards, deferred charges (e.g. advertising and promotion costs, R&D costs, organization costs, start-up costs, and legal costs ) can be capitalized, because they are amortized over 1 year period, thus costing the future economic benefits. As for their counterpart, ISAC states that these costs must be expenses, for which reason that â€Å"Once an intangible asset is in working condition, any further costs incurred in relation to that asset are not recognized as part of its cost. Therefore, costs incurred in using or redeploying an intangible asset should be recognized as an expense† (Melville, 2011, P103). When concerning the subsequent expense, it is difficult to distinguish between capitalization and expenses clearly. What should be highlighted here is †brands† which referred in IAS38, â€Å"Expenditure on internally generated brands, mastheads, publishing titles, customer lists and items similar in substance cannot be distinguished from the cost of developing the business as a whole. Therefore, such items are not recognized as intangible assets.†Brands are regarded as a type of intangible items where recognition could become possible and even necessary. Difficulties arise when brands are separated by internally and externally generated intangible assets. Internally generated tangible assets are â€Å"those which have been developed by the entity itself rather than purchased from another entity.† (Melville, 2011, P103) In order to be included in balance sheet assets, brands should be either â€Å"acquired for valuable consideration and need not be shown under goodwill† or â€Å"created by the undertaking itself, in so far as national law permits their being shown as assets† (EEC 1978, art. 9 C.). According to the example of Part A, Enigma plc has a brand expenditure of â‚ ¬10,000 including the acquisition of the Variations brand acquired from Elgar Ltd for â‚ ¬7 million and marketing expenditure on Enigma’s internally generated brands. Externally and internally generated intangible asset should be separated for accounting. In terms of externally generated tangible asset acquired by purchasing from another company, which satisfies the criteria of intangible assets: (a) future economic benefits arising from the acquisition of this item will flow into the entity; (b) the entity obtained this equity by contract so that controlling it legally and substantially; (c) brand is non-monetary; (d) it is identifiable for brand with no substance. Brand acquired from external parties reflects the position of intangible assets that have been clarified above; therefore, being recognized as intangible asset and recording â‚ ¬7 million under asset in the statement of financial position. Notwithstanding internally generated brands might be an intangible asset, difficulties to confirming still exist. IAS38 then states that â€Å"it may be difficult to assess whether an internally generated intangible asset qualifies for recognition because of: (a) The problem of establishing whether or not there is an identifiable asset which will generate future economic benefits, and (b) The problem of determining the cost of the asset reliably† Managers cannot ascertain that internally generated brands would produce future economic benefits even if generating the brands at cost which should be written off as an expense. In consequence, the cost of brands is demonstrated as expenditure and recorded in the comprehensive income. Conclusion: Difficulties of recognizing and measuring the intangible assets are not only on the process of accounting, but also regarding the difference between varies of standards around the world. Moreover, investors and managers of corporations abstract more emphasis on self-brand as increasingly attention paid to competition of intangibles. Nevertheless, the self-brand should be firstly recognized as actually an intangible assets or the cost is just an expense, which will assist us with accounting process as well as disclosures to the outer parties. Reference: EEC (European Economic Community). 1978. â€Å"4th Directive on the annual accounts of certain types of companies n ° 78/660/EEC.† Official Journal of the European Communities, (August 14). Hendriksen, E.S. and Van Bred, M.F. (1992) An Accounting Theory.5th edition. Chicago: Irwin IAS 38 Johnsen, L.T. and Patrone K. R. (1998)Accounting Horizons. pp. 293–303 Melville, A. (2011) International financial reporting. 3rd edition. pp.100-113 Nils,E.J. and Kjell.H.K. (2000) ’Accounting for Intangible Assets in Scandinavia, the UK, the US, and by the IASC: Challenges and a Solution’, the International Journal of Accounting, 35(2), pp. 243–265. 2000 [Online] Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020706300000480 (Accessed:20 Nov.2012) Stolowy, H. , Haller, A. and Klockhaus, V. (1999) ’Accounting for brands in IAS38 of IASC (intangible assets) compared with French and German Practices’, Emerging issues in international accounting, pp.7-20.1999 [Online] Available at https://studies2.hec.fr/jahia/webdav/site/hec/shared/sites/stolowy/acces_anon yme/recherche/working%20papers/accounting%20for%20brands.pdf Walton, P. and Aerts, W. Global Financial Accounting and Reporting. second edition.pp.150-155)

Different between secondary school and university Essay

I used to say that I could not wait until I finished secondary school and have a greater say in what do. In reflection I can say that my experience in secondary school was more fulfilling for me than the university currently is for me. As I commenced my secondary school life, I was registered. Although I registered at the beginning of my university life, I have to register every semester for the courses that I would be pursuing. In addition, at secondary school level everything was handed out to me; while at the university I have to collect my information for different courses. I believe that secondary school was easier because if I did not understand a topic, teachers were easily accessed. If I do not understand a topic at university I have to wait until the tutorial or office hours. I easily interacted with my teachers while at the university some of my lectors are not approachable. In secondary school I had three sets of vacations while at university I only have two sets of vacations. In addition, secondary school had two set of three weeks’ vacation and a ten weeks summer while university have one month in the Christmas vacation and four months for summer vacation. I found that at secondary school I was taught the fundamentals of learning, while the university teaches me the advance structure of learning. I learned subject and verb agreement and not how to write essay but at university I learn additional fundamental of English like topic sentence use of punctuation marks and structure different types of essays. I also learned basic United Kingdom accounting principle for Caribbean Examination Council level. United State accounting is taught at the university level. In addition, secondary school I did internal exam and was promoted to the year level while I do exams to earn credits towards my degree at the university. I did external exam and gain Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) certificate in several subjects but the university does an increment of courses and receive one degree. The secondary school structure is rigid while the university structure is flexible. The School year is divided into three terms while the university has semesters. In addition at secondary school the children have a long summer vacation while university students have the option of attending summer school. School class times were scheduled for a school year while at the university classes would be chosen by me and changes every semester. I remember having one break time and a fixed hour for lunch whereas for university I can have lunch at time where there is free period. There were many rules at school which were enforced. However, there are some at the university which student are not acquainted with and no one enforces them. For example, if I did not attended classes regularly, the principal would call my parents. However at university there is not anyone who checks up and realized when I am missing from lectures or tutorial sessions. Furthermore, there was a uniform at school that I wore; in fact, the principal and teachers made sure we wore our uniforms correctly. However, at university I can wear my own clothes, which my mother provide for me. I remember the principal sent me back home a last day for having on braids. Now I can wear braids, weave and even colour my hair at the university. Secondary School was small and had limited classrooms but university is bigger and have many different rooms. When I was at school I had a form room where I could eat my lunch and talk to my friends. On the other hand at the university I do not have any fixed room that I can be in. There was also small number of children in the class in contrast to the large number of students at university. Most of the teaching was done in our form room whereas I have to go different places for lectures and tutorials. I knew everyone in my class because they came from first to fifth form, and some of the other children throughout the school. However, I am unable to know everyone in the lectures and I only know a few in the tutorial since my courses changes ever semester. I was able to have a face to face teaching at school whereas I am taught different ways at the university such as lecture, tutorials and online learning. The work load at university is much heavier than at secondary school although I did eight subject at CXC level and I am only doing four course a semester. I conclude although secondary school was structure and rigid I thoroughly enjoyed my life there and those memories would remain with me forever. Even though, my university life is flexible and I have a greater say on my activities, I can now say that I prefer the structure of secondary school life.

Free Essays on Phaedra

Jean Racine’s play, Phaedra, arouses â€Å"pity and terror†, in accordance with Aristotle’s requirements of tragedy. In summary, Phaedra, who is married to Theseus, is overcome with a forbidden love for her stepson Hippolytus. Upon hearing and believing the rumor of her husband’s death, she is convinced by her nurse, Oenone, to finally admit to what is bothering her enough to want to die. When it becomes known that Theseus is in fact alive, and will be returning home shortly, Phaedra and Oenone scheme a lie to sway Theseus into believing that it was Hippolytus who attempted to seduce Phaedra, not vice-versa. Unfortunately, Theseus believes his second wife over his son and without investigating further labels him a â€Å"traitor† (4.1), an â€Å"adulterer† (4.2), and even a â€Å"monster† (4.2). Theseus asks of Neptune to â€Å"Avenge a father’s wrong./Seize on this traitor [Hippolytus], and let your rage be strong† ( 4.2). Theseus demands for Hippolytus to leave at once because of his supposed incestuous love. In the meantime, Hippolytus was in love with Aricia, who wasn’t allowed to marry because of her brothers’ malicious histories. When Phaedra found out about Hippolytus’ love for Aricia, she couldn’t help but to be overwhelmed with jealousy. Just as Theseus realizes that there is something fishy going on and would like to give his son a chance to clear his name, he learns that Hippolytus was killed by a monster. Phaedra finally admits to her wrongdoings and decides to kill herself with poison to represent torture. This tragedy is over with Hippolytus, Phaedra, and Oenone all dead, and Theseus, still alive, who now accepts Aricia to be his daughter. Phaedra, which was originally written by Euripides, was rewritten by Jean Racine in the year 1677. Although he admits to incorporating some changes into his version of Phaedra, he believes that he captured the necessary characteristics and events. In his intr... Free Essays on Phaedra Free Essays on Phaedra Jean Racine’s play, Phaedra, arouses â€Å"pity and terror†, in accordance with Aristotle’s requirements of tragedy. In summary, Phaedra, who is married to Theseus, is overcome with a forbidden love for her stepson Hippolytus. Upon hearing and believing the rumor of her husband’s death, she is convinced by her nurse, Oenone, to finally admit to what is bothering her enough to want to die. When it becomes known that Theseus is in fact alive, and will be returning home shortly, Phaedra and Oenone scheme a lie to sway Theseus into believing that it was Hippolytus who attempted to seduce Phaedra, not vice-versa. Unfortunately, Theseus believes his second wife over his son and without investigating further labels him a â€Å"traitor† (4.1), an â€Å"adulterer† (4.2), and even a â€Å"monster† (4.2). Theseus asks of Neptune to â€Å"Avenge a father’s wrong./Seize on this traitor [Hippolytus], and let your rage be strong† ( 4.2). Theseus demands for Hippolytus to leave at once because of his supposed incestuous love. In the meantime, Hippolytus was in love with Aricia, who wasn’t allowed to marry because of her brothers’ malicious histories. When Phaedra found out about Hippolytus’ love for Aricia, she couldn’t help but to be overwhelmed with jealousy. Just as Theseus realizes that there is something fishy going on and would like to give his son a chance to clear his name, he learns that Hippolytus was killed by a monster. Phaedra finally admits to her wrongdoings and decides to kill herself with poison to represent torture. This tragedy is over with Hippolytus, Phaedra, and Oenone all dead, and Theseus, still alive, who now accepts Aricia to be his daughter. Phaedra, which was originally written by Euripides, was rewritten by Jean Racine in the year 1677. Although he admits to incorporating some changes into his version of Phaedra, he believes that he captured the necessary characteristics and events. In his intr...

SAT Results in Physics to Impress College Admissions

SAT Results in Physics to Impress College Admissions Because most colleges that ask for SAT Subject Tests are highly selective, you will most likely want a score in the 700s if youre going to succeed in impressing the admissions officers. The exact score is going to depend on the school, so this article will provide a general overview of what defines a good Physics SAT Subject Test score and what some colleges say about the exam. Subject Tests vs. the General SAT The percentiles for SAT Subject Test scores cant be compared to general SAT scores because the subject tests are taken by an entirely different student population. Because the test is required primarily by some of the nations top colleges and universities, the students who take SAT Subject Tests tend to be high achievers. The regular SAT, on the other hand, is required by a wide range of schools, including many that are not selective at all. As a result, the average scores for SAT Subject Tests are significantly higher than those for the regular SAT. For the Physics SAT Subject Test, the mean score is 664  (compared to a mean of about 500 for individual sections of the regular SAT).   While no tool exists for you to calculate your chance of admission based on the Physics exam, you can figure out your chance of admission based on your GPA and general SAT scores. What Subject Test Scores Do Colleges Want? Most colleges do not publicize their SAT Subject Test admissions data. However, for elite colleges, you will ideally have scores in the 700s. Here are what a few colleges say about the SAT Subject Tests: MIT: The Massachusetts Institute of Technologys admissions website states that the middle 50% of students scored between 720 and 800 on SAT II Subject Tests in the sciences.Middlebury College: The prestigious liberal arts college in Vermont claims that they tend to receive SAT Subject Test scores in the low to middle 700s.Princeton University:  This elite Ivy League school states that the middle 50% of admitted applicants averaged scores between 710 and 790 on their three highest SAT II Subject Tests.UCLA: As one of the top public universities, UCLA states that about 75% of admitted students scored between 700 and 800 on their best SAT Subject Test, and the average score for the best SAT Subject Test was 734 (675 for the second best subject).Williams College: Over half of matriculated students scored between a 700 and 800 on their SAT Subject Tests. As this limited data shows, a strong application will usually have SAT Subject Test scores in the 700s. Realize, however, that all elite schools have a holistic admissions process, and significant strengths in other areas can make up for a less-than-ideal test score. Your academic record will be more important than any test scores, especially if you do well in challenging college preparatory courses. Your AP, IB, dual enrollment, and/or honors courses will all play an important role in the admissions equation. Colleges will also want to see strong non-numerical evidence of your preparedness for college. A winning application essay, meaningful extracurricular activities, glowing letters of recommendation, and other factors can make an application stand out even when the test scores arent quite what you had hoped for. Very few colleges use the Physics SAT Subject Test to award course credit or to place students out of introductory level courses. A good score on the AP Physics exam, however, often will earn students college credit (especially the Physics-C exam). Physics SAT Subject Test Scores and Percentiles Physics SAT Subject Test Scores and Percentiles Physics SAT Subject Test Score Percentile 800 87 780 80 760 74 740 67 720 60 700 54 680 48 660 42 640 36 620 31 600 26 580 22 560 18 540 15 520 12 500 10 480 7 460 5 440 3 420 2 400 1 Data from the College Board Examine the correlation between Physics SAT Subject Test scores and the percentile ranking of students who took the exam. Nearly half of all people who took the exam scored a 700 or higher, a far bigger percentage than with the regular SAT. 67 percent of test takers scored a 740 or below on the Physics SAT Subject Test. In 2017, only 56,243 students took the Physics SAT Subject Test.

Do mergers create value for the offeror and offeree Essay

Do mergers create value for the offeror and offeree - Essay Example For example, most of the big organizations are currently looking to expand their business to overseas countries in order to exploit the opportunities opened up by the globalization. Merger & Acquisition is one way of business expansion adopted by big companies. Gaughan (2007) defined merger as the combination of two corporations in which only one corporation survives while the merged corporation goes out of existence after the merger process (Gaughan, 2007, p.12). Theoretically mergers and acquisitions should be value creating for the shareholders of both the offeror and offeree companies. But in practice, it is not 100% true. This paper critically evaluates the pros and cons of merger and acquisition to the shareholders of both the offeror and offeree companies Increased market share, lower cost of production, higher competitiveness, acquired research and development know how and patents, Financial leverage, Improved profitability etc are some of the advantages or values for the offeror and the offeree through M & A (Helium, 2010). The offeror and the offeree can increase their customer base through merger and acquisition. For example, consider the recent merger deal between two telecommunication giants, India’s Bharti Airtel and South Africa’s MTN. As per this deal, MTN and its shareholders would acquire around 36 per cent economic interest in Bharti Airtel, while Bharti Airtel would acquire 49 per cent stake in South African telecom giant MTN (Indias 11 largest M&A deals, 2009). The above deal helped both the companies to exploit the opportunities in India and South Africa more judiciously for the mutual benefits. Bharti Airtel will get the assistance from MTN for their operations in South Africa whereas the MTN would get a ssistance from Bharti Airtel for their operations in India. The understanding of business climate and formalities in these countries can be exchanged for the

Music of the 1960's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music of the 1960's - Essay Example As a result, the participants of war are always in need of encouragement, motivation, hope, and renewed courage to participate and sustain the struggle with a hope of winning at the long end. Music has always sought to provide these needs in parts or in totality. Indeed, music has been in the forefront to incite, condemn, and encourage people to war.  Moreover, war music acts as a vehicle to spread propaganda, incite people to participate, and as an incentive to patriotism and enlistment in the ranks (Wells, 2004). However, we also have anti-war songs that discourage participation in war and calls for its end. Indeed, music served as a catalyst to unite people against war and in particular, against the Vietnam War (Anderson, 2006).Hence, the significance of music in addressing the societal problem of war is unquestionable. This paper will address the issue of war using five songs recorded in the 1960s. To achieve this, the paper will analyze the songs for similarities and differenc es in how they address the social issue of war. The songs to consider include â€Å"Masters of War† by Bob Dylan, â€Å"For What It's Worth† by Buffalo Springfield,    â€Å"I Ain't Marching Anymore† by Ochs Phil, Phil Ochs â€Å"What Are You Fighting,† and Ccr â€Å"Bad Moon Rising.† All the five songs, advocate for anti-war activities with the main theme of ending war. Ccr â€Å"Bad Moon rising,† recognizes the fact that there is no need to fight claiming the war brings forth rage and ruin. Indeed, everyday that people go out for war, deaths are registered. Hence, the artist warns that the war front will claim lives. Hence, there is a need to stop the war. This is a roots rock song, whose target audience is the participants of war. English vocabularies feature in the lyrics. A group wrote and sang the song. Phil Ochs â€Å"What Are You Fighting† equally condemns fighting in that though we are fighting, many are jobless, no equalit y in our countries, the leaders are full of lies, the media is also practicing truancy, we are still enslaved, and children are in despair. Hence, before we venture into war we should win our wars at home. This is a folk song, whose target audience is the participants of war. English vocabularies feature in the lyrics. An individual singer wrote and sang the song. â€Å"For What It's Worth† by Buffalo Springfield, notes that a lot we go down if we continue fighting. Children will suffer, masses will die, and Paranoia  will strike deep. This is a folk rock song, whose target audience is everybody with war experiences. English vocabularies feature in the lyrics. The band wrote and sang the song. â€Å"I Ain't Marching Anymore† by Ochs Phil, Phil Ochs, sees no need to fight since the old leaders always leads the young to war  yet it is always the young that fall. Brothers and sisters have fallen to war, engaging in war for no good reason, enslaving many in war, cities destroyed, counties conquered and yet there is nothing positive to show though the war is still on. Indeed, it is time to stop the war. This is a folk song, whose target audience is nobody in particular. English vocabularies feature in the lyrics. An individual singer wrote and sang the song. â€Å"Masters of War† by Bob Dylan believes the world war will not end. The leaders and the rich lead the young to war and run away. They deceive them that the world war will be won yet millions are dying, property destroyed, children suffer

Compare between criminal law and civil law Essay

Compare between criminal law and civil law - Essay Example All through history, all social orders have had criminal codes for managing behavior .Democracies have constantly tried to change their fundamental standards and goals into achievable objectives through an arrangement of laws that adjust the privileges of people with the convincing needs of society in general. These objectives incorporate open request, residential peacefulness, and security of the fundamental privileges of people (White and Edward 19). The justice system works effectively when majority of individuals accept that the laws are sensible and that the system can work productively and viably. The issue of what laws ought to be endorsed regularly causes a serious debate. Members elected to represent the people often participate in enacting the laws of their people. Branches of government that ensure criminal laws are formulated and implemented include the executive, the judicial, and the legislative branch. Bahrains lawful framework is taking into account a blend of British Common Law, Islamic law, tribal law, and other common codes, regulations, and traditions (Cotran and Eugene 56). The constitution accommodates a supposedly free legal that has the privilege of legal audit; in any case, courts are liable to government weight in regards to verdicts, sentencing, and bids. Individuals from the law making family are members of the legal system and they participate in making the laws. Previously, the king and other senior government authorities have lost common arguments brought against them by private residents; notwithstanding, the judgments were not generally actualized speedily, if whatsoever. The constitution points out that the lord designates all judges by imperial announcement. The constitution does not give an authoritative extension affirmation process for legal nominees nor does it create an arraignment process Cotran and Eugene 63). The Bahrain criminal law is a type of Islamic law (Cotran and

Hemoglobin Malaria Haemoglobinopathies

Hemoglobin Malaria Haemoglobinopathies Despite major advances in the understanding of the molecular pathophysiology and control and management of the inherited disorders of hemoglobin (haemoglobinopathies), thousands of infants and children with this disease are dying. As a result in heterozygote advantage against malaria the inherited hemoglobin disorders are the commonest monogenic disease. Population migrations have ensured that haemoglobinopathies are now encountered in most countries including the UK. Haemoglobinopathies have spread from areas in the Mediterranean, Africa and Asia and are now endemic throughout Europe, the Americas and Australia. This review examines the available literature to find out more about the prevalence of haemoglobinopathies in the UK. The data on the demographics and prevalence of the gene variants of haemoglobinopathies was extracted from books, journals, reference sources, online databases and published review articles from the WHO. Introduction It has been estimated that approximately 7% of the world population are carriers of such disorders and that 3000 000 4000 000 babies with severe forms of haemoglobinopathies. Haemoglobinopathy disorders occur at their highest frequency in tropical regions and population migrations have ensured that they are now encountered in most countries. Because of this, haemoglobinopathies have become a global endemic, so the World Health Organization published journals and reviews with recommendations on screening programmes and management of haemoglobinopathies. The programmes are tailored to specific socioeconomic and cultural contexts and aimed at reducing the incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. www.who.int/en/ The WHO Executive Board wrote a review on haemoglobinopathies. In this article, the WHO Executive Board recognized that the prevalence of haemoglobinopathies varies between communities, and that insufficiency of relevant epidemiological data may hamper effective and equitable management of haemoglobinopathies. On this note England implemented the LIVE programmes. The Executive Board also recognizes that haemoglobinopathies are not yet officially recognized as priorities in Public Health Sector. This raised an issue about awareness of haemoglobinopathies. The WHO Executive Boards advice for prevention and management of haemoglobinopathies was to design, implement and reinforce in a systematic equitable and effective manner, comprehensive national, integrated programs for prevention and management of haemoglobinopathies, including surveillance, dissemination, such programs being tailored to specific socioeconomic and cultural contexts and aimed at reducing the incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. www.who.int/en/ With immigration in the UK on its highest, the prevalence of haemoglobinopathies is expected to increase. The NHS has implemented programmes for individuals with haemoglobinopathies by implementation of LIVE program (NHS Plan, 2000). LIVE program is set-up to implement variant screening in the whole of UK by the year 2007. LIVE program started as early as January 2004 in high prevalence. The NHS Trusts involved are to offer variant screening by end of 2004/5 (NHS Plan, 2000). Low prevalence Trust are expected to have implemented the screening program by January 2008 and so far 86 out of 90 Trusts have successfully implemented the program. Antenatal and Newborn Screening programs have compiled a training pack to assist Low Prevalence Trusts with the implementation of haemoglobinopathies screening programmes. The NHS Plan (2000) made a commitment to implement effective and appropriate screening programs for women and children including a new national linked Antenatal and Newborn screen ing programs for haemoglobinopathies. The NHS Plan (2000) recommends that all pregnant women living in high prevalence areas are offered screening for haemoglobinopathies. All pregnant women living in low prevalence areas are offered screening for haemoglobinopathies. If a woman is identified as being at increased risk using the family origin questionnaire, she will then be offered screening for haemoglobinopathies (NHS Plan, 2000). The Low Prevalence Trust is where the fetal prevalence of sickle cell disease is less than 1.5 per 10 000 pregnancies. Low prevalence trusts are to offer screening for variants based on an assessment of risk determine by a question to women about their babys fathers family origin by the end of 2005/6 (NHS Plan, 2000). Background on Haemoglobinopathies Haemoglobin: is the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and it is also a protein. Haem is iron containing pigment, while globin is made up of chains which are a globular tetrameric protein which accounts for 97.4% of the mass of the haemoglobin molecule (Tortora et.al., 2006) . The globin tetramer consists of four polypeptides which are two alpha (ÃŽ ±) chains and two non-alpha chains. The synthesis of ÃŽ ¶ and ÃŽ µ chains is done during the first 10 to 12 weeks of fetal life. Within the fourth to the fifth week of intrauterine life ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² chains are synthesized. The non-alpha is beta (ÃŽ ²), gamma (ÃŽ ³), delta (ÃŽ ´), epsilon (ÃŽ µ) zeta (ÃŽ ¶) chains. Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body and it gives blood its red colour (Fleming, 1982) Haemoglobin synthesis Haem and globin synthesis occur separately but in a carefully coordinated fashion. Globin synthesis is under the genetic control of eight functional genes arranged in two clusters, the ÃŽ ± globin gene cluster on chromosome 16 and the ÃŽ ² globin gene cluster on chromosome 11. The major haemoglobin in the foetus is HbF (ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²) 2 and in adults HbA (ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²) 2 (Fleming, 1982). Haemoglobin Structure The primary structure of haemoglobin is made-up of amino acid sequence of globin. And the secondary structure comprise of nine non-helical sections joined by eight helices; tertiary structure describes globin chain folding to form a sphere and the quaternary structure of haemoglobin describes the tetrahedral arrangements of the four globin subunits ( Fleming, 1982). The external surface of each folded globin is hydrophilic and the inner surface is hydrophobic, this protects the haem from oxidation, which is also why each haem chain sits in a protective hydrophobic pocket. In haemoglobin A, ÃŽ ± ÃŽ ² dimmers are held together strongly at the ÃŽ ±1 ÃŽ ²1 or ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²2 junction. The tetramer is held together much less tightly at the ÃŽ ±1 ÃŽ ²2 and ÃŽ ±2 ÃŽ ²1 contact areas (Fleming, 1982). Haemoglobin function Each haemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules. Oxygenation and deoxygenation are accompanied by molecular expansion and contraction via haem haem interaction (Bienz, 2007). Under physiological conditions, blood in the aorta carries about 19.5ml of oxygen per 100ml of blood. Upon entering the tissues about 4.5ml of oxygen are donated per 100ml of blood. 2,3-DPG is an important modulator of haemoglobin A oxygen affinity in red cells (Fleming, 1982). Haemoglobin disorder (haemoglobinopathies) Haemoglobinopathies is a hematological disorder due to alteration of a genetically defect, that results in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the haemoglobin molecule (Bienz, 2007). Haemoglobinopathies are any of a group of diseases characterized by abnormalities, both quantitative and qualitative in the synthesis of haemoglobin (Hb) (Bienz, 2007). Qualitative affecting the quality of haemoglobin e.g. Sickle cell disorder and quantitative affecting the amount of haemoglobin produced e.g. Thalassaemias. Most of them are genetically inherited but occasionally they can be caused by a spontaneous mutation. Haemoglobinopathies are the worlds most common monogenic autonomic and recessive disease in humans (Anionwu et.al., 2001). 2.1Haemoglobinopathies fall into two main types; There are two categories of haemoglobinopathies. The two categories are: qualitative and quantitative; Qualitative affecting the quality of the haemoglobin e.g. Sickle cell disorder. In this disease the globin structure is abnormal. Quantitative the haemoglobin structure is normal but the amount of haemoglobin produced is affected. e.g. alpha and beta thalassaemias (Bienz, 2007). History of haemoglobinopathies In 1910 Herrick wrote an article in it he used the term â€Å"sickle† to describe the shape of the red blood cells of a 20 year old medical student from Grenada. This student had consulted Dr Herrick in 1994 complaining of a cough, fever and Feeling weak and dizzy. He constantly had anaemia episodes, jaundice, chest complications as well as recurring leg ulcers on both ankles. When his blood was examined, his red blood cells showed a large number of thin, elongated, sickle shaped and crescent- shaped forms (Herrick, 1990). The name thalassaemia was coined by the eminent haematologist George Whipple in 1936 as an alternative to the eponymous ‘Cooleys anaemia. He wanted a name that would convey the sense of an anaemia which is prevalent in the region of the Mediterranean Sea, since most of the early cases originated there. Thalassaemia is derived by contraction of thalassic anaemia (from the Greek thalassa -sea, an none and anemia blood) (Fleming,1982). Origins and Geographic distribution of haemoglobinopathies Carriers are found in all parts of the world: people from the North Mediterranean (South Europe) coast are 1-19% carriers. People of Arab origin are over 3% carriers. In Central Asia 4-10% and in South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent and China 1-40% carriers (the very high rates in this part of the world are due to HbE). In the Americas, North Europe, Australia and South Africa the local population has very low carrier rates but thalassaemia is still present because of the significant immigration from high prevalence area (Anionwu et.al.; 2001). Sickle cell and thalassaemia disorder mainly affect individual who are descended from families where one or more members originated from parts of the world where falciparum malaria was, or is still endemic. Population with such ancestry include those from many parts of Africa, the Caribbean the Mediterranean (including southern Italy, Northern Greece and Southern Turkey), Southeast Asia and thalassaemia gene is much wider now due to the hi storical movements of at-risk populations to North and South America, the Caribbean and Western Europe (Livingstone 1985). The geographic distribution of the thalassaemias overlaps with that of sickles cell disease. This is because carriage of these abnormal genes affords some protection against malaria. Thus, being heterozygous for one of these conditions offers a selective survival advantage and increases the opportunity for these genes to be passed on (Campbell et.al.,2004) 4Types and terminology of sickle cell and thalassaemia There are various types of sickle cell and thalassaemia disorders. The thalassaemia syndromes include alpha and beta thalassaemia major as well as beta thalassaemia intermedia. Sickle cell disorders (or Fickle cell disease include sickle cell anaemia (Hb SS), Sickle haemoglobin C disease (Hb SC) ÃŽ ² disease and E beta thalassaemia (www.sickle-thalassaemia.org/sickle.cel.htm) 4.1Sickle Cell Disorder: affects the normal oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells. The red blood cell forms a crescent or a sickled shape when it is deoxygenated. The ‘sickled cells are unable to pass freely through capillaries; the sickle cells also get stuck in blood vessels forming clusters which block the blood vessels and the blood flow. They dont last as long as normal, round red blood cells, which leads to anemia. This results in a lack of oxygen to the tissues in the affected area, resulting in hypoxia and pain (sickle cell crisis). Other symptoms include severe anaemia, damage to major organs and infection (NHS Antenatal and Newborn; 2006). There are several types of Sickle cell disease. The most common are: sickle cell anemia (SS), sickle hemoglobin C disease (SC), sickle beta plus thalassaemia and sickle beta zero thalassaemia. Each of these can cause pain episodes and complications. HbSS sickle is due to two sickle cell genes (â€Å"S†), one from each parent. This is commonly called sickle cell anemia. An individual with sickles cell anemia have a variation in the ÃŽ ²-chain gene, which then causes a change in the properties of hemoglobin which results in sickling of red blood cells (www.sickle-thalassaemia.org/sickle.cel.htm) HbSc inherited one sickle cell gene and one gene from an abnormal type of haemoglobin called â€Å"C†. It is due to the variation in the ÃŽ ²-chain gene. An individual with this variant suffers from mild chronic haemolytic anaemia. (NHS Antenatal and Newborn; 2006). HbS beta thalassaeamia: This form of sickle is due to inherited one sickle cell gene and one gene for beta. 4.2Thalassaemias: is a term used for the description of a globin gene disorders that results from a diminished rate of synthesis of one or more globin chains and a consequently reduced rate of synthesis of the haemoglobin or haemoglobins of which that chain constitutes a part ; ÃŽ ± thalassaemia indicates a reduced rate of synthesis of the ÃŽ ± globin chain, similarly, ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ´, ÃŽ ´ ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ µ ÃŽ ³ ÃŽ ´ ÃŽ ² thalassaemia indicate a reduced rate of synthesis of the h, ÃŽ ´, ÃŽ ´, +ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ µ + ÃŽ ³ + ÃŽ ´ + ÃŽ ² chains, respectively (Modell et.al, 2001). Thalassaemia is the most common single gene disorder known. It is autosomal recessive syndromes, which is divided into ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ² thalassaemia. Types of thalassaemia There are two types of thalassaemia: (i)Thalassaemia minor (thalassaemia trait) (ii)Thalassaemia major Thalassaemia minor is when a person inherits one thalassaemia gene, while thalassaemia major is a severe form of anaemia if a person inherits two thalassaemia genes, one from each parent (Bienz, 2007). Subtypes of thalassaemia Alpha (ÃŽ ±) thalassaemia results from inadequate production of ÃŽ ± chains, which are normally controlled by two pairs of chromosomes. If one or two are malfunctioning, then there is a healthy carrier state. If three are non- functional then anaemia results, known as HbH Disease, which can be quite severe but usually does not need blood transfusions and is compatible with a normal life span (Anionwu et al, 2001). If all four genes are non functional then the result is severe anaemia of the unborn child, leading to heart failure and death (miscarriage). This condition is known as hydrops felalis (Fleming, 1982). Beta (ÃŽ ²) Thalassaemia is caused by the bodys inability to produce normal haemoglobin, leading to a life threatening anaemia (Bienz, 2007). The severity of illness depends on whether one or both genes are affected and the nature of the abnormality. If both genes are affected, anemia can range from moderate to severe. Beta thalassaemia results from inadequate or lack of production of ÃŽ ² chains (Anionwu et.a.l, 2001). Homozygous, ÃŽ ² thalassaemia has two forms: major, in which the patient can survive only with regular transfusions of blood and intermedia in which the patient can survive with occasional or even with no transfusions at all. The condition requires frequent blood transfusions and treatment to prevent complications from iron overload, such as diabetes and other endocrine disorders (Anionwu et.a.l, 2001). Both of these conditions can restrict a child or adults ability to conduct their normal daily activities and can have profound psychological affects on individuals a nd their families This form of thalassaemia is the most important and constitutes a major public health problem in many parts of the world, because of the high frequency of carriers and the demanding treatment that must be followed (Fleming, 1985). Association of Haemoglobinopathies with Malaria Malariais a vector borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americans, Mediterranean, Asia and Africa. It causes diseases in approximately 515 million people and kills between one and three million people, the majority of whom are young children. Malaria parasites are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include symptoms of anemia (Campbell et al, 2004). Sickle cell developed as a by product of human defense mechanisms against malaria. The most severe form of malaria, falciparum malaria, leads to very high death rate in young infants. This is particularly a problem between the time immediately after birth, when they are protected by immunity from the mother, and the time when they are old enough to acquire their own immunity. Malaria is a parasite which lives within the red blood cells and feeds off the protein that is contained within those red cells, haemoglobin (Campbell et al, 2004). When the malarial parasite enters the blood stream through a mosquito bite, it penetrates the red blood cells by attaching to the outside membrane or envelope of the red blood cell and gaining entry (Franklin, 1990). Once in the red blood cell, the malarial parasites use the haemoglobin as a source of energy, so that they multiply within the red cells. The parasites multiple filling-up the red blood cells and once they are filled-up the red cells bur st, thereby releasing the multiple parasites in the blood. Each new young parasite enters a single cell again and multiplies again, thereby causing a disease or infection. Whenever the parasites burst out of the cells they cause illness and fever in patients. Malaria can be severe by causing death; death is believed to be caused by red cells not being able to pass through the narrow gaps in the smallest blood vessels and by blockage of tissues when so many parasites are in the red blood cell (Campbell et al, 2004). Over the years human genes developed ways to prevent malaria becoming serious and potentially lethal, the developments were to prevent malarial parasites from spreading and multiplying (Tortora et.al,2006). The most changes were changes (mutation) in the type of haemoglobin (haemoglobin S) within the red blood cell which would in turn slow down the multiplying of the parasite (Campbell et al, 2004). The individuals with haemoglobin S are known to have a sickle cell trait or being carriers of sickle cell haemoglobin. When sickle-cell haemoglobin has given up its oxygen in the cells, the red cells stick together to form crystalline groupings of haemoglobin known as polymers. The red blood cells become deformed into sickle shapes and the presence of these crystalline polymers within the red cells inhibits the growth of the malarial parasite (Beinz, 2007). Even though individuals with haemoglobin S stills suffer from malaria, they are protected from the most severe effects of malaria (Li vingstone, 1985). Diagnosis Diagnosis for sickle cell disease The most used diagnose test for sickle cell is the haemoglobin electrophoresis. HbS and HbC amino acid substitutions change the electrical charge of the protein, the migration pattern of the haemoglobin with electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing results in diagnostic patterns with each of the different haemoglobin variants. HbSBeta-thal requires careful evaluation of red blood cell count and mean corpuscular red cell volume (MCV) and specifically quantifying HbA, S, A2 and F. In emergency setting, the presence of HbS is detected using a five minute solubility test called sickledex. Sickledex test does not differentiate sickle syndromes from the benign carrier state (HbAS or a sickle trait (NHS Antenatal and Newborn; 2006). Diagnosis for thalassaemias When testing for thalassaemias, a blood test is the simplest and most effective test for diagnosis and also the use of a test called Haemoglobin Electrophoresis. The blood of individuals with thalassaemias tend to be microcytic (smaller in size) and hypochromic (paler in colour) (NHS Antenatal and Newborn; 2006). 7 Pathophysiology 7.1Sickle-cell Sickle-cell anemia is caused by changes (mutation) in the structure of the ÃŽ ² -globin chain of the haemoglobin replacing the amino acid glutamic acid with the less polar amino acid valine at the sixth position of the ÃŽ ² chain. When two wild type ÃŽ ±-globin subunits associate with two mutant ÃŽ ²-globin subunits forms hemoglobin S. Haemoglobin S polymerizes under low oxygen conditions, which causes distortion of red blood cells and also causes red blood cells to lose their elasticity, resulting in red blood cells forming an irreversible sickle shape (Fleming,1982). Very often a cycle occurs, as the cells sickle they cause a region of low oxygen concentration which causes more red blood cells to sickle. Repeated occurrence of sickling causes cells to not return to normal even when oxygen levels are normal. The deformation of cells makes it difficult for the cells to pass through capillaries resulting in vessel occlusion, severe anemia, ischemia and other problems (Beinz, 2007). 7.2Thalassaemias The pathophysiologic effects of the thalassaemias range from mild microcytosis to death in uterus. The anaemia manifestation of thalassaemia is microcytic hypochromic haemolytic anaemia (Belcher, 1993). The haemoglobin abnormality is caused by substitution of a single amino acid for another; or substitution of two amino acids, also amino acid deletion or fusion (point of mutation) and the synthesis of elongated chains. In alpha trait, one of the genes that form the alpha chain is defective (Beinz, 2007). In alpha-thalassaemia minor, two genes are defective and in haemoglobin H disorder, three genes are defective. Alpha-thalassaemia major is most fatal thalassaemia disorder; this is because four of the chains forming genes are defective. Without alpha chains, oxygen cannot be released to the tissues (Belcher, 1993). In beta-thalassaemia haemoglobin abnormality is due to the uncoupling of alpha and beta-chain synthesis. This causes a depression in beta-chain synthesis, resulting in er ythrocytes with a reduced amount of haemoglobin and accumulation of free alpha chains, which are unstable and easily precipitate the in cell (Bienz, 2007). 8.Causes Genetic control of haemoglobin synthesis The synthesis of structurally normal haemoglobin chains is determined by allelic genes situated on the autosomal chromosome (Beniz, 2007). Haemoglobinopathies occur due to an inheritance of one or more faulty copy of gene(s) that contain the information for the cells to make the globin chains. The gene may result in abnormality in the production or structure of the haemoglobin protein causing haemoglobinopathies (Franklin, 1990). Thalassaemia is an inherited autosomal recessive blood disorder. Genetic defects in Thalassaemia results in reduced synthesis of one of the globin chains which make up haemoglobin. Reduced synthesis of one of the globin chains causes the formation of abnormal haemoglobin molecules, which in turn causes anaemia. Anaemia is a symptom of the Thalassaemias. It is caused by under production of globin proteins, often through mutations in regulatory genes (Franklin, 1990). Inheritance of Haemoglobin Disorder Due to haemoglobin mutation, individuals who had haemoglobin trait had a resistance to dying from malaria, therefore passed on their haemoglobin trait gene to their children (Campbell et.al,2004). As time went on more individuals with the trait were born and eventually individuals who had haemoglobin trait had children together (Franklin, 1990). In that satiation (partnership), if both parents carry the trait gene, there is a one in four chance that any one child will receive the haemoglobin trait gene from one parent and also from the other, thereby having a haemoglobin disorder(Franklin, 1990) . Clinical Manifestations 9.1Thalassaemias clinical manifestations Individuals who inherited the alpha trait are usually asymptomatic, with possible mild microctyosis. Alpha- thalassaemia minor has signs and symptoms almost identical to those of beta-thalassaemia; mild microcytic hypochronic anemia, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and bone marrow hyperplasia (Belcher, 1993). Alpha- thalassaemia major cause hydrops fetalis and fulminana intrauterine congestive heart and liver, edema and massive ascites. The disorder usually is diagnosed post mortem (Bienz, 2007). Beta-thalassaemia minor causes mild to moderate microcytic-hypochronic anemia, mild splenomegaly, bronze coloring of the skin, and hyperplasia of the bone marrow. Skeletal changes depend on the degree of reticulocytosis, which in turn depends on the severity of the anaemia (Bienz, 2007). People who have beta-thalassaemia minor usually are asymptomatic, whereas those with beta- thalassaemia major the anemia is severe, resulting in a great cardiovascular burden, with high output congestive heart failure (Belcher, 1993). Blood transfusions can increase the persons life span by a decade or two. Individuals with beta-thalassaemia major have an enlarged liver and spleen, and growth and maturation are retarded (Belcher, 1993). A characteristic deformity develops on the face as the bones expand to accommodate hyperplastic marrow (Belcher, 1993). Both and beta thalassaemias major are life threatening. Children with thalassaemia major usually are week, fail to thrive, how poor development and experience cardiovascular compromise with high-output failure; if the condition goes untreated, these children die by 6 years of age (Modell et.al., 2001) Blood transfusions can return haemoglobin and hematocrit to normal levels, alleviating the anaemia induced cardiac failure. Iron overload and hemochromatosis, which are complications of transfusion therapy, are treated with chelating agents (Bienz, 2007). . 9.2.Sickle-cell clinical manifestations The severity of sickle cell disorder depends on the amount of haemoglobin S and the clinical manifestations, which are signs and symptoms of the individuals with sickle-cell (Belcher, 1993) . Manifestations of the sickling are those of hemolytic anemia; pallor, jaundice, fatigue and irritability. Extensive sickling can precipitate four types of crises: vaso-occlusive or thrombotic crises and a plastic crisis (Belcher, 1993). A vaso-occlusive crises begins with red blood cells sickling in the microcirculation. Vasospasm brings a log-jam effect causing blood flow to stop flowing in the vessels and this will lead to thrombosis (blood clot formation) and infarction of local tissue occur, resulting in ischemia, pain and organ damage (Modell et.al.,2001). Vaso-occlusive crisis is believed to be extremely painful and lasts an average of 4 to 6 days. This crisis may develop spontaneously or may be precipitated by localized hypoxemia (low PO2) exposure to cold, dehydration, acidosis (low pH), or infection. In infancy, sickle-cells first manifestation is the symmetric painful swelling of the hands (see Fig 3) and feet, but in older children and adults, the large joints and surrounding tissues become swollen and painful. Individuals with the sickle-cell disorder suffer from severe abdominal pain caused by infarction in abdominal structures (Belcher, 1993). Any cerebral vascular accidents may cause paralysis or othe r central nervous system deficits, and if penile veins are obstructed priapism may occur. Studies have shown that bone, especially weight- bearing bones, are also a common target of vaso-occlusive damage, this is due to bone ischemia (Bienz, 2007). The spleen of individuals with sickle-cell disorder is frequently affected due to its narrow vessels, functions in clearing defective red blood cells and this results in a sequestration crisis (Belcher,1993). A sequestration crises, is occurrence of large amounts of blood pool in the liver and spleen. It only occurs in young children and death results from cardiovascular collapse (NHS Antenatal and Newborn,2006). An aplastic crisis develops when a compensatory increase in erythropoiesis is compromised; this then results in profound anemia (Belcher,1993). A hyperhemolytic crisis is rare but may occur with certain drugs or infections. G-6-PD deficiency, when also present, contributes to this type of crisis (Belcher,1993). Clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease do not usually appear until an infant is at least 6 months old. The most cause of death in individuals with sickle-cell anemia is infections, but it is major problem at all ages. Infections are due to splenic dysfunction from sickle damage (Belcher,1993). This occurs from a few months of age especially with certain bacteria e.g. pneumococcal sepsis. Infection tends to rapidly overwhelm the immune system (NHS Antenatal and Newborn,2006) . Sickle-cell haemoglobin C is known to be milder, with symptoms related to vaso-occlusive crises resulting from higher hematocrit and blood viscosity. Obstructive crises cause sickle cell retinopathy is most common in older children, and this include renal necrosis, and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (Belcher, 1993). The mildest of sickle-cell is the sickle-cell thalassaemia the individuals with this form of sickle-cell tend to be microcytic and hypochromic, which makes the cells less likely to clog the microcirculation even when sickling (Belcher, 1993). Severe hypoxia can be seen in individuals with the sickle cell trait and may cause vaso-occlusive episodes. The cells in these people form an ivy shape (Belcher, 1993). Recent studies have shown that stroke is co-exiting with Sickle cell disease. At least 1% of patients with sickle cell disorder suffer from stroke and those individuals result in physical disability, IQ reduction, Learning difficulties, TIAs and seizures (Beinz, 2007). Treatment of haemoglobinopathies. 10.1Treatment in Sickle-cell anemia. Febrile illness: Children with fever are screened (a full blood count, reticulocyte count and blood culture taken) for bacteremia. In young children the fever is treated with intravenous antibiotics, the children would be admitted at the hospital so that they can be monitored (Belcher, 1993).. But older children with reassuring white blood cell counts are managed at home with oral antibiotics, but if the older children have a history of bacteremia episodes, they get a hospital admission. (Modell et al, 2001) Zn administration: is when zinc is given to stabilize the cell membrane (Beinz, 2007). Painful (vaso-occlusive) crises: individuals with sickle cell disorder experiences painful episodes called vaso-occlusive crises. Vaso-occlusive crises is often treated symptomatically with analgesics (Beinz,2007). Pain management requires opioid administration at regular intervals until the crises has gone. The frequency, severity and duration of these crises episodes vary tremendously form episodes to episode or from person to person (Belcher,1993). Individuals who suffer from milder vaso-occlusive crises manage their pain on NSAIDs e.g. diclofenac or naproxen. And if the crises is severe, individuals require inpatient management, where intravenous opioids. Diphenhydramine is used to stop the itchiness associated with the opioids (Modell et al, 2001). Acute chest crises management is similar to vaso-occlusive crises treatment with the addition of antibiotics, oxygen supplementation for hypoxia, and close observation. If the pulmonary infiltrate worsen or the oxygen requirements increase,